Standards For Power Electronics ( Ansi ) - 2392 Words

Standards for Power Electronics Gration D’silva Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA Telephone: (806) 773-4727; E-mail: gration.dsilva@ttu.edu Abstract— this paper presents a brief overview of standards for power electronics. All the standards presented in this paper are currently active and are approved by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer Standards Association (IEEE-SA) and American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Keywords—IEEE Standards, ANSI, Power Electronics I. INTRODUCTION The tremendous advancements in modern technology have necessitated the regulation of these technologies so that they meet the required threshold as set by the standardization bodies like the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer Standards Association (IEEE-SA), American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Whenever a new product is launched it has to meet the standards so that they perform as intended. This is very important for the safety of the users and their environment, facilitate interoperability, uniformity in design, testing methods, installation and help make our lives easier. The purpose of standards is to establish certain quality to meet technical, safety, societal, regulatory and market needs. Also standards are the catalysts for technological innovation which are developed based on guiding principles of consensus, due process and within the ethical limits [1]. Standards help making our livesShow MoreRelatedEssay on Cis 5051642 Words   |  7 PagesSelect one (1) of the working groups in the IETF or IEEE and briefly summarize what this group is working on. â€Å"Working groups chartered by the IETF carry out the actual development of new standards and protocols for the Internet. Membership in a working group is voluntary; any interested party may participate. During the development of a specification, a working group will make a draft version of the document available as an Internet Draft, which is placed in the IETFs Internet DraftsRead MoreCable Codes Essay690 Words   |  3 PagesRobin Prather NT1310 Week 2 Exercise April 10, 2013 Cabling Design, Standards, Codes and Definitions 1. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Five engineering societies and three U.S. government agencies founded the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). ANSI’s mission is to encourage voluntary compliance with standards and methods. 2. Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) The EIA is organized along speciï ¬ c product and market lines that allow each EIA sector to be responsiveRead MoreA Brief Note On Industrial Products And Safety955 Words   |  4 PagesIndustrial Products and Safety When you are on the job, there is nothing of greater importance than your safety and that of your crew. Safety becomes even more critical when the dangers of height, machinery, chemicals, and power tools are added into the equation. Further, there are times when the job site is in a public location, adding a plethora of safety hazards into the mix. Ensure you are fully equipped with highly visible alerts and warning signs, devices, and barriers. The better a workRead MoreInformation Technology Audit1278 Words   |  6 Pagesexamining the effectiveness of their technical and procedural controls to minimise risks. IT audits are also known as automated data processing (ADP) audits and computer audits or IS, IT or ICT auditing and systems auditing. They were formerly called electronic data processing (EDP) audits History of IS Audit The concept of IT auditing was formed in the mid-1960s. Since that time, IT auditing has gone through numerous changes, largely due to advances in technolog y and the incorporation of technology intoRead MoreRadio Communications For Public Safety1248 Words   |  5 PagesDecember 23, 2016 Introduction Standards need to be set in order to handle current capabilities and handle the demands of what is to come. Standards that come with radio communication have been around for a while and one of those standards includes Public safety radio services. This standard was created for a given scenario were the government would have to send out a message to inform the public. Any agencies that deal with public safety are required to meet this standard. You may here these messagesRead MoreBenefits Of Cable Technology936 Words   |  4 PagesTIA/EIA-606-B standards, and as designed by Panduit to be used for the specific Product. All conduits and inner duct shall be labeled as well. Panduit labels shall be used for all labeling as required by this scope of work, no exceptions. If any other label Manufacturer is used, Contractor shall replace at no expense to Choctaw Nation before final payment. †¢ All dedicated telecommunications grounding bus bars shall be labeled. †¢ Cross-connect fields shall be labeled according to ANSI/TIA/EIA 606-BRead MoreFiber Cable, Tools, And Test Equipment872 Words   |  4 Pages(cisco.) The cost of each individual server will be $2,397, and a total of $47,940 for total project costs prices retrieved from cisco. †¢ The following products as well as the cabling structure will follow the ANSI/TIA-568-C standards and all cable support will comply with NED standards. First floor design The following details are of the design: †¢ Will consist of 200 workstations †¢ Total of 200 people. †¢ There is a total of nine rooms. †¢ 1 storage room †¢ 2 production rooms AB †¢ 1 communicationRead MoreReflection About the Poem Through Education, the Country Received Light3205 Words   |  13 Pages10BaseT Ethernet requires at least Level 3 cable. Many sites now install only Level-5 UTP, even though level 4 is more than sufficient for 10BaseT, because of the greater likelihood that emerging high-speed standards will require cable with better bandwidth capabilities.  Ã‚   Crossover Cable - standard Ethernet cables are straight-thru.   Pin 1 on one end connects to Pin 1 on the far end, Pin2 to Pin2, and so on.   There are only 4 pins that are used, since you only need two wires for transmit, and twoRead MoreElectronic Product Code Upc And Optical Character Recognition Ocr1600 Words   |  7 Pageslink for identification. At start the main hurdle in the deployment of RFID was to make it cheap i.e. this is not economical that the object identifying system costs more than the actual worth of the object. After the invention of transistor the electronic device prices began to fall and it is possible to make cheap tags. Since RFID uses radio waves and radio waves are cheap and there are some other techniques that we can implement to produce cheap RFID tags e.g. †¢ No Transmitter. †¢ No Battery. †¢Read MoreEssay on Telecommunication Towers and Antennas1343 Words   |  6 Pagesto control radiation exposure from cell phone towers on a personal basis. Every day there is a growing body of scientific evidence that the electromagnetic radiation they emit, even at low levels, is dangerous to human health. The current U.S. standard for radiation exposure from cell phone towers is 580-1,000 microwatts per sq. cm. (mW/cm2). Since then, telecommunications businesses have been attempting to erect towers with antennas in or near almost every local community in order to provide

Is There Any Good to Imperialism - 1114 Words

Is there any good to Imperialism? â€Å"Monopolies, oligarchy, the striving for domination and not for freedom, the exploitation of an increasing number of small or weak nations by a handful of the richest or most powerful nations. All these have given birth to those distinctive characteristics of imperialism which compel us to define it as parasitic or decaying capitalism.† (Ulyanov, P.286) Very strong words are used when talking about imperialism. Some people believe they know what imperialism is, but many may associate it with something bad. Though they might be right about some things, what if I told you that there is some actual good about imperialism? Imperialism may have its down side to it, but there are a lot of good that has come out of imperialism throughout the world. Imperialism for the people who may not know, is based off the ideas of superiority and the practices of dominating over people, culture, and state through force or law. Mainly the strong and advance t aking control over the weak and innocent. Imperialism has been one of the most powerful tools that has shifted the world back and forth. It has been around for thousands of years, practically since humans been on earth. It’s just been increasingly developed due to technology and the advancement of man’s mind at a very rapid rate. Many examples of imperialisms is when Christopher Columbus claiming land of the Natives in the Caribbean Seas. Showing his strength and arms over the natives who lived in theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Imperialism: From Europe to The West1514 Words   |  7 PagesEarly in the twentieth century, imperialism was brought up by European powers of the time; Germany, Great Britain, France, and Russia. These nations were after raw materials in Asia, Africa, and South America and when they realize that they could not retrieve it, they began to colonize smaller counties that contain the many resources they need and used it for their benefit. Western valu es played a big part in European imperialism. European civilization experienced a period of extraordinary rapidRead MoreBrionna Johnson. Mr. T.Kemiksizgil, Period 4. Mrs. K. Prinzo,1310 Words   |  6 Pages Period 4 Mrs. K. Prinzo, Period 6 03 March 2017 European Imperialism Good for Colonized Countries? Imagine you re in the 1700s and live in South Africa or another colonized country. You’ve gotten used to the new lifestyle, but then the Europeans come in and force imperialism onto you and your country. Being obliged to do something is what happened in South Africa. South Africa got colonized by Britain in 1795. Imperialism spread in the 1900s to Africa. So Africa was forced into havingRead MoreCauses Of Imperialism1107 Words   |  5 PagesImperialism Essay Growing up, many children play the board game â€Å"Battleship,† where a player’s main goal is to conquer his opponent’s ships and, eventually, land. Similarly, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the nation of Europe and other countries took over and influenced countries that they believed were inferior to them. This process, known as imperialism, is defined as â€Å"a policy of extending a countrys power and influence through diplomacy or military force† (googleRead MoreAvatar and Imperialism686 Words   |  3 PagesThe movie Avatar shares many themes with the Age of Imperialism. In the movie, the human protagonist takes the form of a local alien Navi in a conflict between humans and the Navi. The conflict arises because the humans in the film have arrived at the home of the Navi, Pandora, and begun to exploit its resources. At first, they ignored the Navi, but their quest for resources is now taking them into direct conflict with the native peoples of Pandora. The Navi are the only humanoid residentsRead MoreHeart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad1329 Words   |  5 Pagesantagonist life explores European imperialism and its effects to Africans. Marlow is the protagonist in the Heart of Darkness. He is depicted as independent-minded, idealistic, and skeptical about the people around him. Marlow is the narrative teller in the Heart of Darkness who uses his skills to be able to draw the audience to his tale. Marlow tells of his experience and the European prejudices he encountered around the world and this had has made skeptical about imperialism. Marlow has been defeatedRead MoreDifference Between Formal And Informal Imperialism1721 Words   |  7 PagesDIFFERENCE BETWEEN FORMAL AND INFORMAL IMPERIALISM Name University Course Tutor Date Difference between formal and informal imperialism Throughout the history of the world, different kingdoms have been competing to expand their territories. In most cases, the expansion of theses territories has been at the expense of weaker territories that are incapable of fighting back effectively owing to different barriers . For example, the Mongols expanded their territory in less than a hundred yearsRead MoreImperialism656 Words   |  3 PagesWhat Was the Driving Force Behind European Imperialism in Africa? During the 19th century, King Leopold II of Belgium compared Africa to a cake. At the Berlin Conference in 1885, seven European nations took slices of Africa for themselves without discussing any details with Africans. From a 21st century perspective, this seems like a selfish thing to have done, so why did Europeans engage in imperialism? Certainly, political factors, cultural causes, and technological advancements were importantRead MoreNegative Effects Of Imperialism1139 Words   |  5 Pagesevents are talked about. That just shows what imperialism causes. Imperialism is when a dominant country seeks to increase their size and forces (either by war or diplomacy) a smaller country to submit to their rule. The Age of Imperialism began in the 1870s and went until World War 1. During this time imperialism was very prevalent and the events that took place during this time had lasting effects and still affect us to this day. While imperialism could be seen as beneficial, especially to theRead MoreThe Great War748 Words   |  3 Pages On 28 June 1914, a Serbian shot an Austrian. Within six weeks, many of the countries of Europe had become involved in a war that was to cause the deaths of 10 million soldiers, but was the assassination the only cause of war? WWI wasnt just any war, it was also a new beginning and a new cause for a few of the european countries that had been involved. The end results for Germany had been the worst, which not only caused Germany to have a new purpose and have resentments, but also to make somethingRead More Glorified Colonialism and Imperialism in Heart of Darkness Essay1202 Words   |  5 PagesImperialism Glorified in Heart of Darkness      Ã‚   Conrads Heart of Darkness is, as Edward Said states a story about European acts of imperial mastery (1503)-its methods, and the effects it has on human nature. Furthermore I hold the presumption that Conrad incorporates much of his own experience in the Congo and his opinions about imperialism. Another recent critic also suggests: he seems to approve of Marlow, the narrator (Achebe 1492). These revelations of the author are conveyed to

Contemporary Issues in Entrepreneurship and Innovation Marketing Comm

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Issues in Entrepreneurship and Innovation for Marketing Communication. Answer: Identification of the Experience The entire paper has revolved around my personal experience regarding the marble game event. When I got the initial piece of marble, I started thinking about the way of adding value on this. After that, I found the piece of marble can be used mainly as a paperweight. In a parallel way, as I am not used to this kind of convincing skills, I need to prepare the points to be presented at the time of exchange with the other person. After that, I approached my sister to take the marble in return of her colour pencils. She refused my offer because she did not find similar or more value of the single plain marble compared to her colour pencil (Alexiadis, 2011). Then I went to my boyfriend and convinced him with some tricks to make an exchange of the single marble with his eight pattern marbles. He agreed, and the first exchange took place. Again I went to my sister with those eight unique pattern marbles and approached her to give me her colour pencils in exchange of those marbles. She agreed to my proposal, and I finally got her colour pencils. Therefore, I made another plan for trading those colour pencil with one of my friends who is a designer. As a designer, he always needs colour pencils for the purpose of drawing his designs. So, I went to him and asked him to exchange my colour pencils with something that he wanted to give me. In between, he offered me back with his pen. But I did not find more or similar value in that exchange. I rejected his offer and asked him for something else which was more valuable. Then he offered me a new pack of cigarette in exchange of those pencils. I agreed and gave him those pencils on Saturday night. After that, I went to my promoter friend and found that she was in need of the cigarette. As she asked me for the pack of cigarette at that time, I made an offer to her to exchange the new pack of cigarette with something which she could offer me. I got surprised because she was willing to trade a music festival ticket in exchange for the pack of cigarette. I quickly answered her positively and confirmed the deal. After those trades had happened I did not have off-line options left with me. The next day was the day before the event. So, I decided to sell the music festival ticket on FB page because at that time many people were looking for tickets for that particular music festival. Therefore, I offered the ticket online and immediately some random person texted me to exchange the ticket with his used gaming keyboard which was in perfect condition at that time (Eisend, 2006). I accepted his offer and gave the ticket to him in exchange of his gaming keyboard to complete my final trade. These trading activities taught me a lot of entrepreneurial as well as personal selling aspects. Analysing the Relevance of the Experience Out of these whole experiences, I have gained a lot of knowledge regarding trading, selling and entrepreneurial premises. In my view point, I think the deal happened because of need, want and demand of human beings. As a human being each and every person has a need for something. Moreover, if the individual gets that particular thing, the person will be satisfied by utilising that thing according to their personal requirement (Abouzeedan, Hedner and Klofsten, 2010). I can relate the experience with the materials of marketing and entrepreneurial subjects. Because the whole experience of creating and identifying the value of some elements and on the other hand satisfying own as well as others needs are mainly related to the core concepts of marketing, selling and entrepreneurship. In our class, we learnt the personal selling techniques including identification of the need of a person and satisfying the need for some relevant category of product or service. Also, I have learnt some subject matters of entrepreneurship. The whole description of the trading experiences supports all the subject matters we have learnt in our class. At the time when I was dealing with the trades one after another, I found some difficulties from the initial stage. After, my sister rejected my offer I understood one thing that with one common piece of marble no one would be ready for engaging in trading with me. Then I decided to apply some emotional tactics on my boyfriend because he was the one who was not that much concerned with the value of the marbles rather than my demands (Stidsen and Schutte, 2012). On the other hand when my designer friend offered me his pen in exchange of the colour pencils, another issue arouse. However, I analysed that his pen was not that much valuable that I could take those in exchange of the colour pencils. So, I refused his offer. With these experiences of contemporary issues related to trading, I understood that every difficult situation regarding business activities needed to be solved with utmost patience and proper calculations. The word trade means an opportunity of getting engaged in some voluntary exchange from which all the concerned parties will be benefited (Finne and Grnroos, 2009). Obviously, in the case of an individual exchange, the trade will not take place unless the two sides get some benefits. With the benefit they got from the trade, they will be able to satisfy some of their particular needs (Rich, 2012). All the trading experiences were not similar. At first, the initial offer was rejected by my sister as she was not satisfied with the ordinary piece of marble. Besides, in the third time of trading, I refused my designer friends offer as I did not find more value in that pen that he wanted to give me in exchange of the colour pencils. But when he offered me a new pack of cigarette, at that moment I analysed the value of that pack of cigarette was more than the colour pencil, and then I accepted his offer. Application of the Learning At present my analytical skills, convincing abilities and practical knowledge regarding selling and other related aspects have been enhanced after these trading experiences (Gundlach, Block and Wilkie, 2007). Now I am thinking of doing some another type of trade games with some other category of goods. After I start thinking differently about this topic, I have made a plan. In my new plan, I am going to do some trading which involves monetary exchange instead of goods exchange. For instance, if I buy something from anyone, I will pay the monetary value of that product to that person after a proper bargaining. Also if I sell any product to someone, I will collect the value of that product in monetary terms (Finne and Grnroos, 2017). I will be able to gain new experiences with this new type of trading and transactions. At present, I need to explore new skills, abilities and knowledge regarding consumer behaviour. In future, if I will become a marketing person or an entrepreneur in my p rofessional career, for that purpose I must have to acquire the core concepts of marketing, selling, financing and entrepreneurship. After completion of my study, I have a thought of doing a marketing job initially with the knowledge and skills (Mortara et al., 2010). Momentarily, such influential trading strategies have enhanced my personal confidence as well. Through the experience, I have learned and explored a lot of my abilities and knowledge of this particular premise. The identified course helps me to identify my strengths, weaknesses and also my future opportunities and scopes of a professional career. In my major field of study, marketing and entrepreneurship are the central focus. With this trading experience, my analytical and convincing skills have been increased a lot. I have noticed the behavioural pattern and found some innovative ways of satisfying the needs of those people who have been engaged in those trading (Zambaldi, Da Costa and Canniatti Ponchio, 2014). Before having the trading and learning experience, I used to think that trading means just a transaction that would take place when something can be exchanged with some other thing. Both of the things must have almost similar value in comparison to each other (McLarty, 2013). But after going through with this experience, I came to know the essential aspects of trading which helped me in enhancing my subject knowledge and skills in this regard. The experiences have encouraged me to test my skills and abilities to become a successful marketing professional as well. As I have mentioned earlier that I want to add some new elements in this trading , I am trying to understanding the basic and core concepts of selling, marketing. Also, I will have to enrich my convincing power for achieving success in this field with a designated position in future (Mackert and Harrison, 2009). The particular learning experience helps me a lot to identify and overcome my weaknesses. Also, it helps me in understanding my strong points or my strengths and the future opportunities along with the best scopes for getting success in my professional career. Now, I understand properly why marketing and entrepreneurship are said to be an innovative and creative work to encourage a person creating new ideas and develop new techniques for further implementation and success. References Abouzeedan, A., Hedner, T. and Klofsten, M. (2010). Innovation and entrepreneurship new themes for new times.Annals of Innovation Entrepreneurship, 1(1). Alexiadis, S. (2011). Does technological heterogeneity promote regional convergence? Implications for regional policy and entrepreneurship.Annals of Innovation Entrepreneurship, 2(1). Eisend, M. (2006). Source Credibility in Marketing Communication.Marketing ZFP, 28(JRM 1), pp.43-62. Finne, . and Grnroos, C. (2009). Rethinking marketing communication: From integrated marketing communication to relationship communication.Journal of Marketing Communications, 15(2-3), pp.179-195. Finne, . and Grnroos, C. (2017). Communication-in-use: customer-integrated marketing communication.European Journal of Marketing, 51(3), pp.445-463. Gundlach, G., Block, L. and Wilkie, W. (2007).Explorations of marketing in society. 1st ed. Mason, Ohio: Thomson. Mackert, M. and Harrison, T. (2009). Marketing medical implants: new challenges and concerns.Journal of Consumer Marketing, 26(1), pp.4-5. McLarty, R. (2013). Graduate entrepreneurship: a critical review of problems, issues and personal competencies.International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 3(5/6), p.621. Mortara, L., Slacik, I., Napp, J. and Minshall, T. (2010). Implementing open innovation: cultural issues.International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 11(4), p.369. Rich, M. (2012).Business marketing in the decade ahead. 1st ed. Bradford, England: Emerald Group Pub. Stidsen, B. and Schutte, T. (2012). Marketing as a Communication System: The Marketing Concept Revisited.Journal of Marketing, 36(4), p.22. Zambaldi, F., Da Costa, F. and Canniatti Ponchio, M. (2014). Measurement in Marketing: Current Scenario, Recommendations and Challenges.Revista Brasileira de Marketing, 13(02), pp.1-27.

Nietzsche Essays (1594 words) - Friedrich Nietzsche, God Is Dead

Nietzsche could have written The Gay Science differently. What justifies the style of composition he chose? More importantly, is his style of writing effective? What relation do you see between the style of his writing and the content of thought it expresses? Nietzsche's style of writing was a deliberate stylistic choice meant to hide the meaning of his work and philosophy from those who would not be able to understand it, and through there misunderstanding would abuse it. This writing style was also meant to help support and give meaning to Nietzsche's arguments on the nature of language and how language is, at its root a metaphor describing an object that is disconnected from us. Nietzsche's work broke down language to its metaphorical roots and explored the nature of how our language is disconnected from the objective reality around us. Nietzsche uses the metaphorical roots of our language to show that words and language our fundamentally disconnected because of the subjective nature of language. Nietzsche shows these metaphorical roots by showing how simple words and phrases that we use in our everyday life are really disconnected or at least removed by the barrier of language. Language is a serious of metaphor's all describing how an object subjectively appears to the individual. No language can describe what it is like to "be" that object, nor properly describe what it is that makes the object what it is. All language can do is provide a vehicle through which man can communicate what he is subjectively experiencing and relate it via a metaphor to another individual who will only get a idea of what is being described rather than an actual concrete description. 2) In sections 124, 343, and 377, Nietzsche claims that, following the death of God, human beings find themselves "in the horizon of the infinite," on the "open sea," and "homeless." What are the consequences of the death of God? With reference to section 347, discuss the ambiguity of this new found freedom. How might it terrify some people and empower others? The consequences for the death of god are far reaching and and many in Nietzsche's work. Christianity sparked the death of God as most of us know him through the actions of Martin Luther. Luther's desire to give the common man the ability to understand and read the bible brought a end to the churches monopoly on morality and brought the "divine" to the common man making the common man "divine". Luther's desire to develop the christian consciences unwittingly lead to the downfall of not only God but also spelled the end of the Churches stranglehold on morality. Man is left with no other option other than to be free after Gods death. The absolute moral and metaphysical world that m an had known has been turned on its head. What was known is now unknown and what was absolute is now unsure. Now that man is left with no absolutes after Gods untimely demise, man must beside for himself his own way, his own right or wrong and man must be responsible for the consequences of his own actions. The individual can only find guidance in himself and must be responsible for his own life. Man is blessed and cursed with the freedom that comes from Gods death. Some will flee into the darkness of denial, seek refuge in herd, the state or in a new shadow of the deceased God. These people flee from the new found freedom because they do not wish to be responsible for their own life, they do not wish to lose the bliss that comes from having a defined and absolute path or guide to follow. These people flee in terror because they believe that man will loose of civility and decency, they fear responsibility and accountability and so they flee. While their will be those who flee into the darkness of new dark age of mysticism and collectivism, their will also be those, those who understand what Nietzsche meant will be empowered by their new found freedom and control of their destiny. Those who feel empowered will be thankful to break free from the outdated rigid morality of God and the

Similarities Between Human and Animal Communication Essays

Similarities Between Human and Animal Communication Essays Similarities Between Human and Animal Communication Paper Similarities Between Human and Animal Communication Paper Unsurprisingly one animal which communicates in a very similar way to humans is chimpanzees, so much so that an area of the brain involved in planning and producing speech, and sign language in humans plays a similar role in chimpanzee communication. Another similarity between chimpanzee and humans is the use of body language. Chimpanzees have evolved many facial and body muscles to help them convey messages, for example erect hair shows agitation or aggression; grinning portrays fear; prolonged staring is threatening behaviour; and hanging the lower lip indicates a calm, relaxed mood. If emotions of humans and animals are observed; one cant deny the obvious similarities. For example, the fear emotion, humans and animals have similar responses; widened eyes, open mouth, rapid heartbeat, hair stands on end, muscles tremble and so on. The ease encountered in training animals can be mainly attributed to the fact that as humans we share with animals many methods of communication. However, it takes some effort for both humans and animals to be able to effectively interpret the meanings behind some behaviors. For instance, we humans tend to shake hands hen we meet with a new person, dogs however, have another type of handshake: they will tend to smell the behind of the other dog. While these approaches may seem quite different, in reality they are both methods of getting to know another person and greeting them. There are several similarities we may observe between humans and animals in their daily interactions. A happy dog will romp around Just as a child, a mad dog may bark, growl and bare its teeth while a human will yell and may give verbal warnings. Animals may communicate similar feelings as humans owever, the method of expressing them may be quite different. Communication by definition means the ability to send information to another, via any given form of medium. Even on the most basic level, communication can be as simple as a facial expression, or as complex as the mysterious and majestic whale song heard beneath the ocean waters. Sure, animals are capable of generating a multitude of sounds, which could be construed as though it was imitating human language. Most animal research as determined that animal language is unique, but s lacking the complexity or expressiveness of human speech. Another thing all creatures do, both big and small is vocalizing. I am not necessarily speaking about speech, but if you carefully listen to both humans and animals you can here the distinct variation in the sounds being made. If a human is happy, his or her voice will sound much more clearly and can exhibit an elevation in volume. Animals that emote with sound, can also show the same distinct sound change, which is why most owners can tell if their pet is happy.

buy custom Future of Computer Intelligence essay

buy custom Future of Computer Intelligence essay Computers have been in existence for more than half a century, and the way humans interact with them has not changed much. We have seen significant evolution taking place with computers, but the human mind remains the same. The computer keyboards evolve from typewriters, which is an old technology (MIT, 2003). The graphical user interface had also been around since 1984 when there was immense popularity on the Macintosh (Utah State University). Today computers are still evolving from keyboard-mouse interface to touch screens. The touch screens are also evolving from single touch to multiple touches. This shows the rapid growth in technology. In my opinion, computer power will match the human intelligence in the next twenty to thirty years. According to Ray Kurzweil, an American computer guru, there is a progress that is more technical is likely to appear in the computer world in 2020s. During this period, the computers will be at par with the human intelligence. Machines will be able to solve more incomparable problemsof the 21st century (Connor, 2008). Today, the computer and digital hardware are far extremely impressive making the human performance unchallenged. However, we ought to note that the performance of machines has been smarter than humans in many ways. This gives one a reason to think of the future. The world changes daily as technology does, humans develop machines and program them to assist in completing tedious tasks. This means that computers could fill the gap of labor with a robot tailored to perform the same tasks quicker. Computers can perceive as humans do. The challenge is simple. Humans provide instructions to machines on the tasks expected of them. Therefore, whatever tasks the computer performs initially, we have to make it get ready for other duties too. The readiness of the computer to perform a variety of duties makes it to be more useful and more moral. A computer programmed to think scientifically with better observational abilities makes it develop a better objective thhinking ability. It has views on the world needs, which makes it develop an emotional understanding that leads to a practically moral action. The more capable a computer is the more beautiful its results are. Feelings act as a force that prompts an individual to answer to his/her needs. Since a computer also has needs, it is sensible to program it in such a way that it develops a tendency to answer to the needs. Therefore, the future computers will have will have feelings. Human feelings are a product of a tough evolution of Gods planning making computers have an idea of the needs the society and the world at large has. This means that future computers can share human emotional points of view too. In conclusion, development of technology is part of moral development. Without the strength technology possesses, there would be no rightful answers in the tough modern world. Safeguarding the future functioning of everything that has needs of the world and technology is a necessity to achieving the set goals. Buy custom Future of Computer Intelligence essay

Action Research Reflection Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Action Reflection - Research Paper Example It is important to do careful planning before starting with action research. This prevents the group to divulge from what needs to be done, saves time and prevents giving rise to any disappointments and dissatisfactions. While researching for a problem, it should be made sure that the problem is both to the point and meaningful (Donna Kalmbach Phillips, 2009). In the data collection phase, the data should be organized in such a way that it becomes easy to deduce trends from it. Based on the data interpretation, a plan for change should be developed. It is important to implement one action at a time. But several actions are implemented simultaneously, it will be difficult to assess which action was responsible for the outcome and hence, the reflection will become difficult.Action research process has two main goals: Stimulating Learning and Making a difference. Action research as a process is both collaborative as well as participative and hence it is often called â€Å"Collaborative Enquiry†. This process can be adopted across all levels of education. Because of the flexibility this process offers, it can also be adopted in work setting. This process helped me reflect on what I did and also improved team communication. This process leads to empowering of all the team members. With the help of action research process, I discovered that being participative; open to change, and being a good communicator as three essential skill sets which can help me grow not even personally but professionally as well.

Vocabulary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Vocabulary - Assignment Example First, the teacher will make sure that the students sit at the front of the class, where they can hear as much as possible of what the teacher is saying. Secondly , the teacher will speack with as high voice as possible and thirdly, the teacher will speack to the students individually, to confirm that they have heard and understood what is being talked about and what is expected of them. The teacher will explain to the students that they will take a test on their sentence construction skills to see how good they are in creating sentences with vocabulary. The teacher will explain the significance of this test and explain to the students that they will then get to learn how to construct senstrnces and have a retest. The teacher will explain what is about to be done by the student. The teacher will also give a brief background so that the student can connect what they have learnt in the past with what they will learn in this particular lesson. To begin with, the teacher will introduce the book as follows; Today we have a new chapter that we are going to learn. The topic is interesting and everyone is going to enjoy this. In the past, you guys learned about English vocabulary and even learned the meanings of these vocabulary. Today, you are going to use these vocabulary to build sentences. This should be interesting for you because sooner than you know, you will be writing interesting stories. The book we are going to read is not new to you but the chapter we are going to read may be new to you. I dont know whether any of you have tried to read ahead of the teacher and gone to chapter seven of 2nd Language Acquisition and the Younger Learner? (wait for the class to respond and act accordingly) After that, the teacher will ask the students to open chapter seven of the book, where the teacher will give a number of examples on how to construct senstences, and then ask the students to do the same. The teacher will explain to the students the

Critical study of how music uniquely expands our understanding of experience Essay Example for Free

Critical study of how music uniquely expands our understanding of experience Essay Music has long existed in our society as a form of culture, entertainment and the like. In fact every civilization known to exist had had a great deal of benefits from music. There are lots of people who see music as nothing more than plain entertainment however there are those who holds in the claim that music gives us something more than entertainment per se. There are claims that music could affect us in a number of ways. Music has considerable effects on one’s mind, body and emotions. Music that are abundant in beats in a way could fuel one’s body, music carried out with feelings could affect one’s emotional status and could either make one cry with misery or laugh with joy, classical music could stimulate the mind, and so on and so forth. There are people who are greatly aware of the effects music could wrought on a person and this could greatly be seen on our everyday experiences. Movies, films, news, see the importance and know the effects music could have on every individual and thus music is key parts in every movie made nowadays. Have you ever seen a movie that doesn’t have an original sound track or a movie that did not make use of background music? Ever seen a documentary and the like who did not use music in the background while portraying the videos or documents they have? Having seen some of the uses music could have it may now suffice to say that music is indeed an important aspect in our lives and it plays fundamental role in today’s society (as well as on societies which existed thousand of years ago). As was stated music is an essential part of every culture, of every society and thus it is of no surprise that music is seen as a part of our everyday routines. Music could have fundamental effects on one’s emotion. Think of an instance wherein certain music affected you emotionally. Say you heard a certain song and it evoke within you some sort of emotions like pain, happiness and the like. I remember for an instance a conversation I have had with a friend of mine. He always loves to listen to the lyrics of Ever After of Bonnie Bailey and Come Around by Rhett Miller. He told me that he love listening to Ever After because that used to be their theme song (of his ex girlfriend) and he loves singing Come around because he can relate to that particular song. Thus, seemingly music indeed has certain effects on our emotions. I even remember claiming that my friend is such a masochist because he loves listening to sad songs such as Come Around when he has a choice to do otherwise. Similarly music has certain ways of affecting one’s mood. However it is not really known how do music affects a person physiologically and psychologically as well. Thus, a question may arise as to how do certain music affects a person’s mood. In order to determine how music affects a person’s mood one must first know the root as to how music inspires a person’s emotion. There are two contrasting viewpoints who tried to answer this particular puzzle. These views are called emotivist and cognitivist. For an emotivist they believe in the notion that we feel certain emotions as a form of response everytime we hear certain music. The cognitivist on the other hand believes otherwise. The cognitivists believes that there is more to humans than emotions and thus they believe that we get to decode certain musical emotions on a rational level, thus it shows that the cognitivists do not really believe that we really get to experience musical emotions. In order to see whether the beliefs of the emotivists are correct or not an experiment needs to be conducted in order to see if there are certain music models which could draw out coherent physiological reactions from different kinds of people. This experiment is needed in order for us to see if we really do experience emotions when exposed to a particular music. It is in this regard that a study had been conducted by Krumhansl wherein two groups of student were used. These particular groups of students each partake different activities. The activity went as follow: One group of 40 students dynamically rated the levels of sadness, fear, happiness, and tension in six sample pieces intended to evoke sadness, fear, or happiness. They did so by adjusting a slider on a computer while the music was playing. A separate group, consisting of 38 college students, was hooked up to physiological sensors monitoring a variety of cardiovascular, electrodermal, and respiratory responses which recorded their change over time. Both groups heard the six musical samples with a 90-second pause in between each. The physiological measures taken from the second group were compared with the degree of sadness, fear, happiness, and tension reported by the first group. Both the physiological measures and emotional ratings were recorded as they changed during the course of the piece. Therefore, correlations could be drawn between the intensity of certain emotions and physiological symptoms. (Boswell) The results shown by the experiment was in accordance to the side of the emotivists. Each of the musical selections was rated as having the intended emotion, and consistent physiological responses were found for each measured emotion: sad music was correlated with a decreased heart rate, lowered finger temperature, increased blood pressure, and decreased skin conductance level; happy music with faster and shallower breathing, and fear-invoking music with a slower pulse, faster breathing, and decreased finger temperature. These effects were consistent during the duration of the pieces. (Boswell) This is further proof that the emotivists position was indeed supported by the said experiment. The fact that there was a coherent physiological modification that was produced by the different music used in the said experiment were behavioral evidence enough that those college students indeed experienced certain emotions all throughout the time they were exposed to the music used. This result contradicted the claim that emotions could only be transmitted once a person gets to recognize a certain passage present within a particular music. Another study was made by Sloboda. Sloboda attempted to identify the exact musical composition which brings about definite physical emotional responses. Examples of the said responses are tears, trembling, and the like. The study made use of questionnaire which was dispersed to five hundred British citizens. However, only eighty-three persons send back the survey. It is an important thing to know that those eighty-three persons who answered the survey were experts in terms of music, particularly classical music. The said survey had went on as follow: Participants were instructed to indicate the frequency with which they experienced certain physical responses as an effect of music within the last five years, as well as the piece of music and, if possible, the specific part of the piece or musical event that provoked it. In addition, they were asked to say whether the response was consistently evoked. (Boswell) A huge number of the partakers claimed that they were able to experience certain physical emotional responses such as mirth, trembling, tears, lump in their throats and the like for the last five years of their lives. However the survey showed that women are more prone to experiencing tears as compared to men. Men on the other hand, especially those already on their thirties, claimed that they experienced more laughter than compared to other age. Just as was the case on the experiment conducted by Krumhansl, the survey conducted by Sloboda also showed a great deal of consistency to each piece of music they were exposed to. This particular survey also showed the extent of the consistency in that the reactions remained consistent even though they have heard the certain musical piece for more than fifty times. A further point of interest is that there are particular melodic constructions which showed to have consistent effects upon the partakers of the said survey. Appogiaturas for one were consistent in bringing tears into surface. The experiment also showed that a series of changes in terms of harmony incite trembling, whereas quickening brought about faster heart beats. However, if there is a certain drawback in the said study is the fact that it was conducted with the use of questionnaires. We could have no way of knowing if the person who answered it had answered truthfully or if s/he is merely bluffing. Thus, in a way we have no way of making sure that the partakers of the said survey indeed experienced the particular emotions and physical responses they reported they have experienced for the past five years. Another factor is the fact that those who participated in the survey were all expert on the field of music and thus we could not really deduct from this survey alone that the rest of the world would also act or feel the same way. However there are certain studies which had been conducted which show that very little difference exists between those who have musical expertise and those who have none. In addition, the records stated by the partakers of the said survey regarding their experiences of physical signs of emotions are not really unusual. Thus, in a way we could say that the study conducted by Sloboda also supported the position held by the emotivists. We should also take into account the fact that the physical responses reported by the survey partakers are in fact common in all human beings since we all share the same autonomic response system. However, we should also take note of the fact that our capability to utilize the said system in order for us to feel or experience certain emotions brought about by music is in a way, a learned process. This particular claim is supported by the fact that very young children do not really get to experience the said responses. Even those adults who have different kinds of music as compared to ours are not likely capable to experience the said responses brought about by the music we listen into. Thus, Sloboda claimed that the link between musical compositions and emotions is a learned process which is also dependent on one’s culture. However, this does not necessitate that we do not really get to experience or fell certain emotions from listening to certain music. It only tells us that we may not be able to relate nor are we likely to experience certain emotions from listening to other music that are completely different from ours. Fact is, Sloboda even claimed that if we are to be exposed to music completely different from ours we could still get to relate to that music although it would take time. Therefore even though the link between musical compositions and emotions is a learned process, evidences and studies still show the stand held by the emotivists that we are indeed capable of feeling or experiencing certain emotions simply by listening to a particular music. Thus those who participated in the studies conducted have steadily testified that they have indeed experienced true emotions when they listened to certain music. The researches conducted also accounted for the fact that very little difference in terms of recognizing emotions could be seen between those who have musical expertise and those who have none. Thus this accounted for the emotivists view that we could indeed experience certain emotions simply by listening to certain music, although it is still not clear what inclines us to be affected in certain ways. Research conducted claims that there is really no ground in saying that somewhere in our brains there could be located a region dedicated mainly to process musical data. In contrary, the errand of musical processing is extended to the whole region of our brains. Thus whereas the right brain is responsible for the emotions evoked while listening to music, the left brain is quite responsible for looking at music in a more rational ground thus it tends to critically examine music. There are even proofs which show that the primeval region within our mid brain is the one responsible for our emotions we experience while listening to music. Thus a primeval region within our midbrain engages itself with the task of realizing and appreciating music in an emotional way. However, the specific region wherein music is being developed (if ever there is one) is yet to be known. A study which involves this particular interest was conducted by Schmidt and Trainor. Schmidt and Trainor studied whether or not frontal brain electrical activity correlated with intensity and positivity or negativity, or valence, of emotion. The study showed that the left frontal brain is the one responsible for experiencing positive emotions whereas the right frontal brain is the one responsible for experiencing negative emotions. Thus, emotions such as happiness, interests and the like are product of the left frontal brain whereas emotions such as horror, revulsion, pain and the like were made by the right frontal brain. Therefore it would suffice for us to say that when listening to happy tunes our left frontal brain is likely to be triggered whereas listening to desolate songs would trigger our right frontal brain. It also follows that the intensity of music could affect the intensity of the frontal activity. The hypothesis stated above had already been confirmed. A careful selection of music which would likely draw out positive emotions triggered the left frontal brain whereas a careful selection of music which would likely draw negative emotions triggered the right frontal brain. Thus, the frontal activity of the brain increases every time the intensity of certain music also increases. Thus in a way this is also another proof which supports the emotivist view that listening to certain music could make a person experience certain emotions. Thus a similarity between music and language could be seen. Both language and music alike is inclined to be interpreted subconsciously. Thus, this seems to show that humans have a biological structure which enables music to draw emotions from each of us. And though this particular structure is yet to be known, researchers concluded that the said structure is not composed of a single area on the brain. On the contrary, researchers believe that such structure is made up of an interaction of the different systems which could be found within our brain. It is due to music’s many uses that music is also deemed to have considerable effects on the field of medicine. There are certain accounts taken from the Bible, artifacts, as well as studies that show that music could have considerable effects on a person’s health and well-being. In fact, there are historical inscriptions taken from Egypt, Greek, China and other known civilizations which praise music’s ability in medical matters. Music is widely considered to have medical importance and it is in this regard that music even such a term such as music therapy. After World War II the United States of America even see to it that music therapy would be used on wounded soldiers who were tormented by physical as well as emotional traumas taken from the war. Physicians and nurses alike saw how music helped alleviate some of the soldiers or veterans pain by merely engaging themselves on musical activities. It is on this regard that hospitals started employing musicians to help better their patients’ status. Music had been very helpful in bettering the patient’s emotional as well as psychological status and as many people learned of these certain benefits derived from music, National Association for Musical Therapy came to existence. The need for musical therapy became wide range to the point that the National Association for Musical Therapy or NAMT allied themselves to other musical organizations which in turn resulted into the foundation of the American Music Therapy Association or AMTA. The ranges of music therapy vary widely in that it not only caters to emotional sickness since it also proved to be beneficial in sickness suffered under physical injuries. Music therapy helped people in terms of their perceiving pains. There are a number of reasons why they consider music as an effectual means in limiting perceived pains. First, music could divert a person’s mind from the pain at hand or from the pain a person perceives. Second, music could help in terms of giving a person some kind of control. Thirdly, music could help counter pain since it could help a person in releasing endorphins which are necessary in giving a person some sense of well-being. Fourth, slow music could help a person in terms of relaxation in that it slows a person’s breathing. Take a person with leukemia for an example. Let’s say Person A needs to undergo a certain surgery necessary to cure his leukemia. One should admit that surgical procedures are indeed frightening and thus Person A could not help but be afraid of what’s on store for him and thus Person A’s blood pressure continues to rise and this in turn has a crucial effect on Person A’s healing process. This particular thing could also heighten Person A’s awareness or perception of pain. One’s pain could not be measure by anyone and thus there is no standard in terms of the amount of pain a person could have. It is in this manner that music therapy comes into the picture. We have already enumerated the reasons why music therapy is considered beneficial in medicine and thus in this manner one could be lead to speculate that music therapy could indeed lessen one’s pain perception because it could work in certain ways in order to lessen a person’s perceived pain. Disturbance or diversion could help in certain ways in lessening one’s sense perception and thus it could help moderate the pain a person undergoes. This pain moderation could be redirected to the cognitive section which could be seen in the Gate-Control Theory of Pain. Pleasant music naturally applies or concentrates on a person’s pleasant stimulus which in turn concerns the capability of the information processing system. Since the music would be busy attending to the pleasant stimulus of a person it naturally follows that the person’s occupation would be diverted from the pain-causing stimulus. It is ion this regard that music is considered important in distracting a person because distraction presents a person with an escape by means of imagination which in turn is a crucial means in lessening stress, nervousness and fear which are important factors which constitutes pain. Thus enjoyable imagination could promote some sense of control to a person which could decrease a person’s nervousness and feeling of being powerless. Thus since music helps transfer our attention away from painful experiences it provides us with a strategy we could use when we undergo painful experiences, may it be physically or emotionally.

International Relations Essay -- Political Science

Introduction: At the end of WWII in 1945, Western Europe and arguably the entire world looked to the United States for a recovery plan. Great Britain was loosing control over its colonies, France and Germany had been destroyed by the war, and the Soviet Union was gaining power. This put the United States in a position of power, the question that arises with this is, does the United States try to gain control as the hegemonic power in the international system? Is there a real necessity in the region of the Middle East to gain the hegemonic power in terms of U.S national interest/security? International Relation realists would say of course there is. Within the discipline of International Relations there are several paradigms and theories, one of the most enduring paradigms is realism. Realist believe that states are self- interested, power-seeking rational actors, who seek to maximize their security and chances of survival; cooperation between states can be explained as functional in order to maximize each individual state’s security. I think that this is right because if a state does not maintain its sovereignty and express its power in a visible manor other states will attempt to gain control over it; it would be the pre-colonial period all over again. This brings us back to the post WWII era- where states are fighting for their sovereignty and the United States has the opportunity to become the hegemonic power. Becoming the hegemonic power would involve having influence in several strategic regions of the world, one of the most important, and arguably the most important outside of Western Europe, the Middle East. Foreign Policy toward the Middle East pre-WWII was mostly dealing with Great Britain, post-WWII it can be at... ...p://www.jstor.org/stable/1949949 Kupchan, Charles. â€Å" The Persian Gulf and the West: the Dilemmas of Security.† Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1987 Lesch, David W.ed. The Middle East and The United States. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2007 Ovendale, Ritchie. â€Å"Britain, the United States, and the Transfer of Power in the Middle East, 1945-1962† NY: Leicester University Press Seabury, Peter. â€Å"The League of Arab States: Debacle of Regional Arrangement† International Organization 3, No. 4 (Nov. 1949) http://www.jstor.org/stable/2703618 Sluglett, Peter â€Å" The Pan-Arab Movement and the Influence of Cairo and Moscow,† in A Revolutionary Year: The Middle East in 1958, ed. Roger Louis and Roger Owen . New York: I.B. Tauris, Publishers, 2002 Spiegel, Steven. "Neighborhood Watch, Democracy: A Journal of Ideas 4 (2007) http://www.democracyjournal.org/article.php?ID=6520

Andrei Chikatilo

Andrei Chikatilo To understand criminal behavior it is one has to understand criminology. Criminology focuses on why people commit crime. Many theorists have developed criminological descriptions and explanations as to why crime occurs. These theories are then applied to events or individuals in an attempt to explain criminal behavior. Serial killers are very difficult to assess, but, because of the nature and extent of their crimes, many have been pushed to examine what goes on in the minds of these serial killers.Although some may use different criminological theories to explain different individuals, I believe that Sigmund Freud’s concept of Id, Superego and Ego best explains Andrei Chikatilo actions. Freud’s theory falls into Control Theories which argues that without appropriate socialization, people act on their preprogrammed tendency towards crime and deviance. If it weren’t for restraints on people’s innate self-tendencies, everyone would naturally commit crime (Tibbetts, 2012). Control  theories concentrate on social control.It focuses on how individuals relate to their social surrounds or how they relate to agents of socialization. Agents such as family members, school teachers, church members, mass media or police officers. It explains how bonding and interacting with society keeps people away from criminal behaviors. Freud had formed his own theory on how individuals choose crime over anything else; He developed the concept of ID, Ego and Superego. He states that individuals are all born with inherent drives and motivations that gravitate towards selfishness and greed (Tibbetts, 2012).Freud also felt that crime is not triggered because a person has criminal tendencies; it is caused by an underdeveloped or traumatized psyche. Traumatic experiences in early childhood can tarnished individual’s psyche. The psyche is divided into three domains the Id, the Ego and The Superego. These domains also develop at different stages in our lives. The Id domain is what Freud states that we are born with; it is the force behind our desires. When we want to consume food and drink, excrete or have sexual desires, these drives are the demands of the Id.It seeks pleasure and satisfaction; it is unaware or unaffected by reality. The Id can be seen as the dark side or the devil of an individual’s personality. Selfishness plays a huge roll with this domain, as it doesn’t care about anyone else’s needs or wants. It’s has no values, no morals and no sense of judgment. Our needs are stored up in the Id and no matter what, they must be fulfilled. As individuals begin to interact with others and society, the second of the three domains starts to develop. This is known as the superego. The superego is different from the Id.It has demands that are contrary to the ones of the Id. The superego is the part of the psyche that demands us to act in a socially accepted way, whereas the id demands us to act selfish and inconsiderate. It controls what actions we deem to be right and wrong and also controls the feeling of guilt. The superego is what helps us to bond and mix into society. It is the driving force that controls or stops the demands of the Id. If the ego succumbs to the demands of the Id, then the superego steps in with guilt. Individuals tend to feel bad when this happen.The last of the three domains is the Ego. The ego is the conscious part of a person’s psyche that divides thoughts into what is real from what is not. It is based on reasoning, trying to take a realistic approach to things. In addition the ego also acts as a mediator between the Id and the superego. The ego shares the same demands of the Id, but tries to obtain those pleasures in a realistic way. It is always trying to satisfy the demands of the id and moral demands of the superego. However the ego tends to gravitate more towards the demands of the id.Freud argues that persons with a deficien t superego due to poor interactions with parents and others have problems controlling the demands of the Id. Children can learn right from wrong when they are growing up. They may be born with Id desires but would be able to control those desires by what they have learnt growing up. Andrei Chikatilo grew up in a world of violence and human degradation. As a child he had to suffer the effects of the war which made food supplies go scarce. As a result of this there were mass out breaks of cannibalism. Chikatilo was also kept from the outside world at some point in time.His mother always threatened him. She told him that if he goes out to play when it becomes dark, he will be eaten just like his brother. His father was also absent in his life as he was serving in the war. It is said that he also witness an assault and rape on his mother. As a child, Chikatilo did not learn moral values growing up; they were missing because of poor parenting. Things like these would traumatize a young c hild’s undeveloped psyche. So he grew up not being able to control his urges. As Chikatilo grew up his superego developed. In his late teens he tries to better himself and he attained a university degree.At the age of twenty-eight he married and some years later he started a family. He found work as communication technician and still continued to gain a higher education. He had a family, he was a good husband, he had a house and by Russian standards, he had a pretty good life. He was even involved in the communist party. Chikatilo was now acting in a socially acceptable manner; he was living to the demands of his superego. He did what it takes to fit into society. However as he was suppressing the demands of his Id by playing the part of Mr. Nice guy, he wasn’t able to keep it under control.I would believe that his ego was weakened; it wasn’t able to keep that balance between the Id and superego. In the early 1970’s Chikatilo started preying on young chil dren. After he was caught he moved and started a new life. This was where his Id took over. He would have murderous desires and he acted on them; he kidnapped a young girl, nine year old, Yelena Zakotnova. It was then he discovered that violence on individuals fulfills his desires. As he molested the girl he grew increasingly excited and wanted to have more direct sexual contact with her body.His Id is now in full control wanting him to fulfill his desires, without even thinking about how his action will affect others or the young girl. After he fulfilled his desires he’s super ego kicked back in. He almost got caught so he decided to take a break. Now, he returned to being a normal citizen and started thinking about his actions. For over ten years he was able to keep his urges under control, but he gave into those urges and killed over and over again. Andrei Chikatilo struggles with his personality. At one time he follows the demands of the super ego another time he just for gets about everything and fulfill his desires.He was able to switch and let one part of his psyche be in control, while the other is dormant. He was able to keep his two personalities separated. Andrei Chickatilo killed fifty-three people, adults and children alike, from nine to forty-five in the space of twelve years. What could cause someone to kill this many times? In Chikatilo’s case I think that the war between his Id and superego was too much for his weakened ego. When this happened either one was able to be dominant and take over this personality. This is what caused him to kill one time and act in a socially accepted manner another time.

Discrimination in Of Mice and Men

When John Steinbeck was attending Stanford, he took time off to go work on a ranch at Salinas Valley. This Is where he encountered the models for many of his characters for his stories. One of them Included one of his most popular and touching novellas, Of Mice and Men. With this book, he tried to show the hardships of the discriminated. During the period of the Great Depression, many Individuals were forced Into poverty and away from their families. Many began to flee to the West In search of work. However, when they reached their destination, they were not received kindly.In the novella, Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck thoroughly depicts, by the presence of many discriminated and oppressed individuals, that life in this time period was beyond arduous for most people because of the Great Depression and the way others perceived them. The Great Depression was an economic downturn coming before World War II. The depression occurred at deferent times in different countries, but in the U nited States, it happened during the asses. Historians blame the crash of the US stock market, on October 29, 1989, for Igniting the Great Depression. Then, the depression quickly expanded across the world.The Great Depression not only affected the poor, but the rich as well. Industrial production, foreign trade, and wholesale prices diminished. The loss of money from these happenings developed a state of unemployment, caused foreclosures and homes to be lost, families to separate, and extreme deflation. Unemployment rates soared through the roof. In the US, twenty- five percent of the population was out of work. Even in some countries, the rates were as high as thirty- three percent (Candling). Hope still lingered in the air for some and the Great Depression was later used as an example as to how bad the economy could get.Rural regions suffered the most when crop prices fell drastically. The huge drought, which occurred during the asses, contributed to this. In many plains, dust wa s everywhere. It was so that It was Impossible to keep a house clean and chickens would sleep earlier than usual because the darkness caused by the dust storms made them think it was night. More and more storms began to hit and many farmers lost their good farmland to the high winds. By 1934, almost 100 million acres of farmland were completely destroyed (Candling).Many economies began to rejuvenate in the mid- asses, but in many other nations, the detrimental impact of the Great Depression lasted until the end of World War II. This tragedy was one of the most widespread, long-lasting, and deepest depression of this era. The effects of the Great Depression disturbed every race of people in America. However, African Americans were always most affected. Most African Americans were out of work and whites demanded that they be fired If a white person was unemployed. Racial violence became common and lynching Increased (Sutra).In Steinbeck novella, Crooks is a stable buck on the Salinas Valley ranch. During this He was separated from the rest of the white farmhands on the ranch. Crooks states, â€Å"l anti wanted in the bunkhouse, and you anti wanted in my room† (Steinbeck 68). This shows how African Americans were treated like animals and isolated from others because of discrimination. After being neglected, Crooks proclaims, â€Å"If I say something, why it's Just a n****** saying it† (Steinbeck 70). Crooks has accustomed to the inequality he receives from others and turns on himself, saying negative things.However, on a brighter note, no one would hold him responsible for anything because his words â€Å"don't mean nothing† and are ignored. The author show how African Americans' lives were hard because of racism. Steinbeck shows the hardships of a disabled man during this period of time in his novella Of Mice and Men. One would think they received special care but the worst time period a disabled person could live through is the asses. Other s didn't care for them because chances were that they already had someone to take care of, whether it was themselves or a family (Barrett). They were abused and people would blame them for their problems.Some mentally handicapped people were institutionalized. The government gave little to no protection for the disabled (Philosophy). This is similar to how a character in the story is treated. Leonie Smalls is George's friend and they are both traveling to the West in search of work, because they had to flee their hometown in the result of Lien's incident with petting a girl's mouse dress (he likes soft things). Leonie says, â€Å"George says I goat stay here an' not get in no trouble† (Steinbeck 68). In this moment, George demanded Leonie stay at the ranch while they go out to the whorehouse.To George Milton and other workers, he is seen as a dim- wit that can only work. Leonie should be able to have some fun too. â€Å"If he finds out what a crazy Starr you are, we wont get no Job, but if he sees yah work before he hears yah talk, we're set† (Steinbeck 6). There is no doubt Leonie is a great worker, but perhaps George is a little too hard on him. At their arrival at the ranch, the boss gets suspicious because George does all the talking. Leonie says four words and George throws a tirade at him for doing so. Even though sexism was around forever, this type of discrimination was most evident during the asses.The typical women had an employed husband, and if they lost their job, they usually had enough resources to survive (Ware). Steinbeck depicts that with Of Mice and Men. Curler's wife is a victim of unfairness because of her gender. She is the wife of the boss's son, Curler. They live with no worries, but Curler's wife's actions are constricted and she has limited rights, like every other female in America at the time. She is the only woman on the ranch and is unnamed by the author which shows her unimportance – which shows sexism. †Å"Don't you even take a look at that b****.I don't care what she says and what she does. I seen me' poison calling Curler's wife a derogatory term for a woman, which is sexist. George, and very other farmhand on the ranch, thinks she is flirty and has â€Å"an eye for all the men on the ranch†. â€Å"Won't you tell her to stay the hell home, where she belongs? † (Steinbeck 90). During this time, it was often that women stayed home with kids and chores to do around the house, while men would go out and work, wherever it was (Ware). Here Candy implies that the ranch is no place for a flirtatious woman like Curler's wife, which is a sexist stereotype.

The Plague Essays - Plague, Absurdist Fiction, The Plague, Epidemics

The Plague Essays - Plague, Absurdist Fiction, The Plague, Epidemics The Plague SSUMMARY: PART 1 The first part of The Plague, by Albert Camus, begins in describing the large French port called Oran which is on the Algerian coast of Africa. The smug town is inhibited by people largely concerned with business. The normal flow of the town is abruptly interrupted by thousands of rats coming out of the sewers and dying. The concerned town people are delighted to find an end to the disgusting rats, but are then faced with a more severer problem. A fatal fever has swept the town. It takes government officials quite a while, but a state of plague is proclaimed. A doctor by the name of Dr. Bernard Rieux, who was recently separated from his wife due to another illness, has taken on the task of treating the plague. SUMMARY: PART 2 In part two of The Plague, the town of Oran is taken over by the illness. Everything is different now that Oran can't interact with the rest of the world. The town was put into exile. Auxiliary hospitals are opened to hold all the victims of the plague. The death toll rises from 302 deaths a week to 137 deaths a day. Many people lose close ones who have fallen from the plague. A somber tone has taken over the town. No one smiles anymore. Dr. Rieux continues with his work, but finds it hard when supplies run short. After a much respected Catholic priest gives a sermon blaming the plague as a punishment for the people's sins, a man named Tarrou starts work to try to aid the government in dealing with the destruction. Tarrou forms sanitary squads, with volunteers as workers. The hot summer weather scorches Oran and inhabitants fond it hard to cope. Many manage by going to cafes for alcohol. Security must be heightened since many are trying to escape the plague. SUMMARY: PART 3 In part three of The Plague, conditions in Oran get considerably worse. The summer heat is still unbearable, and the lack of rain brings clouds of dust over the town. As the number of victims from the plague increase, the room for the bodies decreases. Soon the number of coffins is insufficient as well as burial-places. When this occurs the government first begins burying mass bodies in large ditches, covering each layer with quicklime and soil. Later the authorities decide to make use of the crematorium and streetcars which haven't been working since exile. They put the deceased into the cars and bring them to be burned. The number of public servants helping with the plague also becomes low. Although, since others were losing their office jobs, they soon replaced the lost workers. Some jobs besides the sanitary squads were grave diggers and stretcher-bearers. Time in Oran Has seemingly stopped. Inhabitants that previously were only concerned with their own problems of being secluded from loved ones, now realize they are in the same boat as everyone else. When a curfew is enforced to lower crimes such as the burning of houses and escapes, Oran seems lifeless at night. The plague is killing the town. SUMMARY: PART 4 In part four of The Plague, conditions are still awful in Oran. Dr. Rieux is working harder than ever. He gets only four hours of sleep, and he and his fellow workers are always exhausted. When someone is diagnosed with the plague, they usually always die, so Dr. Rieux's job has changed from curing people to diagnosing them. Oran's inhabitants are getting restless. Numerous riots and various crimes occur daily. Although the number of deaths were no longer increasing many people close to Dr. Rieux died. After delivering a second, less hostile sermon, Father Paneloux came down with the plague. Another doctor that worked with Dr. Rieux, named Dr. Richard, died as well. A horrible death from the plague was a son of a magistrate. He was given an experimental serum that cured later patients, but just prolonged his suffering. That serum, was acclaimed as the reason for the decrease of deaths. Also the serum was accounted for the strange cases where people recovered from the plague. One posi tive occurrence at the end of part four was the appearance of rats again. They were

The 14 ACT Grammar Rules You Must Know

The 14 ACT Grammar Rules You Must Know SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The ACT English section consists of questions that test your knowledge of grammar and writing style. By learning and understanding the grammar rules tested on the ACT, you'll be well on your way to getting an excellent ACT English score. In this article, I'll explain the most important ACT English grammar rules and provide sample questions from real ACTs. How to Use This Guide to ACT Grammar Rules The ACT English section tests numerous grammatical concepts, with many appearing consistently on every test.In this guide, I’ll give you explanations and examples for the most commonly tested ACT grammar rules.Keep in mind that there are also style and organization questions on ACT English that are unrelated to specific grammar rules. This article is a great study tool if you are trying to get a middle score, just starting your ACT English studying, or reviewing the most importantACT grammar rules.If your target score is above 30, you should also study the grammar rules that are only rarely tested on the ACT. For more examples or explanations of the rules I discuss below, or if you want to learn more about ACT grammar rules,read our other articles onACT English. The 14 Most Commonly Tested ACT Grammar Rules These rules are by far the most important for you to learn and understand in order to conquer the ACT English section. I've linked each rule to the article in which it's explained more thoroughly. You can also find in these articles explanations for related grammar rules that are less important but still tested on the ACT. #1: Surround Non-Restrictive Clauses and Appositives With Commas Comma rules are extremely important to know for the ACT, and these comma rules are repeatedly tested on ACT English. Relative Clauses: Restrictive vs Non-Restrictive Relative clauses are dependent clauses that describe a noun and start with a relative pronoun or adverb such as "who," "that," "which," or "where." The basic rule is that non-restrictive clauses should be surrounded by commas, whereas restrictive clauses should not be. On the ACT, clauses that start with "which" are always non-restrictive, and clauses that start with â€Å"that† are always restrictive.Therefore, clauses that start with â€Å"which† should always be surrounded by commas, whilethose that start with â€Å"that† should never be. What's a Restrictive Clause? Restrictive clauses are essential to the meaning of the sentence. You can’t take a restrictive clause out of a sentence without significantly changing the meaning of the sentence. Here’s an example: People who wear sunglasses indoors aren’t invited to the party. If you remove the clause "who wear sunglasses indoors," you substantially change the meaning of the sentence. You wouldn't know which people aren't invited, and you’d be left with "People aren’t invited to the party."Because you can’t remove this clause without changing the meaning of the sentence, the clause should not be surrounded by commas. This kid can't come to the party. (Court Kizer/Flickr) What's a Non-Restrictive Clause? A non-restrictive clause is not essential to the meaning of the sentence. If you got rid of the clause, the sentence would still make sense, and its meaning wouldn’t change.Here’s an example sentence with the non-restrictive clause underlined: My day, which consisted of eating and studying calculus, was incredibly boring. The clause "which consisted of eating and studying calculus" adds more information about my day, but if it were removed, the overall meaning of the sentence would be unchanged. This is what the sentence looks like if we remove the non-restrictive clause: My day was incredibly boring. As you can see, the overall meaning of the sentence is the same. The sentence is still describing my day as boring; we just have less information detailing why it was boring. Actual ACT Example The clause "who had gathered essential material critical to writing his best-selling novel Roots from a griot in Gambia" is a non-restrictive clause which adds more information about Alex Haley. Since a non-restrictive clause must be surrounded by commas, the correct answer is D. What Is an Appositive? An appositive is a descriptive phrase that doesn’t include a verb. Like a non-restrictive clause, an appositive can be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence. Here’s an example sentence with the appositive underlined: Lily, my niece, is the most exceptional child in the world. If we get rid of the appositive, the sentence still has the same meaning: Lily is the most exceptional child in the world. This isn't my niece. Actual ACT Example The phrase "known as the Navajo code talkers" is an appositive and thereforemust be surrounded by commas. Because the original sentence is correct,the correct answer is F.Answer choices G and J are both wrong because there is no comma after "group." Also, answer choice H is incorrect because it creates a run-on sentence. #2: Don't Put a Comma Before or After a Preposition On the ACT, it’s always incorrect to put a comma after a preposition and very rarely correct to place one before.Here are some example sentences that include commas incorrectly placed before or after prepositions: Ana enjoys traveling, to Hawaii for fun. Lucy was petrified to look under, the bed. The commas before "to" and after "under" should be removed. Here are the corrected versions of the sentences: Ana enjoys traveling to Hawaii for fun. Lucy was petrified to look under the bed. brownpau/Flickr The one exception to this rule is when a preposition introduces a non-restrictive clause. Here’s an example of this: Cade, with whom I went to college, is an extremely skilled physician. The clause "with whom I went to college" is a non-restrictive clause that provides more information about Cade. Because non-restrictive clauses must be surrounded by commas, the comma before the preposition "with" is correct. Keep in mind that this situation rarely comes up on the ACT. Generally, commas shouldn’t be put before or after a preposition on the test. Actual ACT Example The comma before the preposition "of" is wrong; there also shouldn’t be any comma after "rights." Therefore, the correct answer is C. On the ACT, if you’re unsure whether or not there should be a comma, it's best toerr on the side of leaving the comma out. #3: Don't Separate Two Independent Clauses With a Comma Separating two complete thoughts with a comma is a grammar error known as a comma splice, and it's the most common type of run-on sentence that appears on the ACT. Here's an example of a comma splice: I’m going to my friend’s house, it’s really far away. As you can see, the clauses before and after the comma are complete thoughts that could stand alone as sentences. There are a few ways to correct a comma splice. One is to place a conjunction after the comma: I’m going to my friend’s house, but it’s really far away. Alternatively, you can put a relative pronoun after the comma: I’m going to my friend’s house, which is really far away. Finally, you can use a semicolon to correctly separate two complete thoughts: I’m going to my friend’s house; it’s really far away. I'm not sure what this means. (Laura Olin/Flickr) Actual ACT Example Both clauses before and after the comma are independent and could stand alone as sentences; therefore, this sentence is a comma splice. Since adding a conjunction after the comma corrects the comma splice, the correct answer is B.While answer choice C also adds a conjunction, this choice doesn’t work since the word "so" doesn’t make sense in the context of the sentence. ("So" implies a cause-effect relationship, whereas "and" connects two related thoughts.) #4: Use the Fewest Words Possible When it comes to the ACT, the shortest, grammatically correct answer choice that expresses the same information as the original sentence will be the right answer.Sentences that are more concise are easier to comprehend. Wordiness On ACT English, wordiness is a grammatical error in which words or phrases are added to a sentence unnecessarily. Here's an example of a wordy sentence: Melissa enjoys having fun by way of shooting at the gun range. And here is the corrected version of the sentence: Melissa enjoys shooting at the gun range. Clearly, the second sentence is more concise, and it stillcontains all the relevant information that’s in the first sentence. That looks like a fancy gun- but, then again, I don't know anything about guns. Actual ACT Example The phrase "as time goes by" is unnecessary- it doesn’t add any information that can’t be inferred without it. Answer choices B and C are incorrect because the sentence already implies that her collection grows "gradually" and "with the passing of time." Thus, the correct answer is D. Redundancy Wordiness and redundancy are similar errors. Ifa word or phrase is redundant, this means it can be eliminated without altering the meaning of the sentence. Here is an example of a sentence with a redundancy error (the underlined part): I quickly finished the test in a rapid manner. The phrase "in a rapid manner" is redundant because the word "quickly" already implies that I finished the test rapidly. This sentence can therefore be corrected by simply getting rid of the redundant phrase: I quickly finished the test. Actual ACT Example The word "peril" means danger; therefore, the phrase "dangerous peril" is redundant- that is, the word "dangerous" can be eliminated without changing the meaning of the sentence. This means thecorrect answer is J. Jumping out of an airplane can put your life in peril. (Morgan Sherwood/Flickr) #5: Modifiers Must Be Next to What They're Modifying The general rule regarding modifiers is that they must be placed next to whatever it is they're modifying. On ACT English, there are two types of modifier errors, which we introduce below. Misplaced Modifiers Generally, adjectives and adverbs go before the word they’re modifying, and prepositional phrases go after the word they’re modifying. Here's an example of a misplaced modifier: George broke the plate inthe kitchen that his mom bought on their vacation. The way the sentence is written makes it seem as though George’s mom bought the kitchen(instead of the plate) on their vacation. Here is a corrected version of the sentence: In the kitchen, George broke the plate that his mom bought on their vacation. Now, it’s evident that George's mom bought the plate- not a kitchen!- on their vacation. Actual ACT Example The phrase "in pink-tinted glasses" should come after the word it’s modifying. From the sentence, we can safely assume that it was the woman who was in pink-tinted glasses. Answer choice G is the most logical, grammatically correct answer. Dangling Modifiers When a sentence begins with a modifying phrase, the introductory phrase must be immediately followed by a comma and the noun being described. Here’s an example of a dangling modifier, with the incorrect part underlined: While walking through the grocery store, Jane’s shopping cart knocked three bags of Doritos onto the floor. The way the sentence is written makes it seem as though Jane’s shopping cart- instead of Jane- was walking through the grocery store. There are a couple of ways to fix the sentence. One is to place the noun that's being modified right after the comma: While walking through the grocery story, Jane knocked three bags of Doritos onto the floor with her shopping cart. Alternatively, you can place the subject in the introductory phrase: While Jane was walking through the grocery story, her shopping cart knocked three bags of Doritos onto the floor. Be careful with the Doritos. (theimpulsivebuy/Flickr) Actual ACT Example The original sentence implies that "she" died down; however, this doesn’t make much sense. From this sentence, we can infer that a fire dies down- not "she."Answer choice J is clear and concise, and it corrects the dangling modifier. #6: Keep Verb Tenses Consistent The basic verb consistency rule is that verbs should remain consistent in both tense and form throughout a sentence.Here’s an example of a consistency error, with the incorrect part underlined: Twenty-five years ago, Josh bought Cross Colours clothing and learns how to rap. The verb "learns" should be in the past tense. Not only should "learns" be consistent with the past tense "bought," but also the phrase "twenty-five years ago" indicates that this was something that happened in the past. Here's the corrected version of the sentence: Twenty-five years ago, Josh bought Cross Colours clothing and learned how to rap. Furthermore, the verb tenses of surrounding sentences can provide context clues for the proper tense to use in a given sentence to maintain consistency. Here's another example of a consistency error: Natalie works in fashion. She liked keeping up with the latest style trends. The shift from the present tense "works" to the past tense "liked" doesn’t make sense in context, and the verb tenses should remain consistent. Here's a corrected version of the sentence: Natalie works in fashion. She likes keeping up with the latest style trends. Actual ACT Example The verbs "continue" in the first sentence and "score" in the second sentence are in the present tense; as a result,the shift to the past tense with the word "were" doesn’t make sense given the context. To fix this error, we must change "were" to the present tense. The correct answer is C. (Answer choice D unnecessarily adds the infinitive "to be.") #7: Choose the Right Word Based on Context Word choice is a common topic on the ACT English section. Word choice refers to knowing which specific word to use in the context of a given sentence. There are two common types of word choice questions that often appear on the ACT. Homophones Homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings.Here are some homophones that have appeared on the ACT: its - it's their - they're whose - who's would've - would of All the words with apostrophes are contractions (it's = it is, they're = they are, who's = who is, and would've = would have). By contrast, "its," "their," and "whose" show possession. Finally,"would of" is always wrong and should be corrected to either "would have" or "would've." You might also come across the word "its'," which is not a real word and will thus always be incorrect. Here is an example of a word choice error: The committee chose not to defend it’s decision. In this sentence, the use of the contraction "it's" is incorrect. Instead, we should use the possessive word "its" to indicate thatthe decision belongs tothe committee: The committee chose not to defend its decision. Related Words The second type of word choice error on the ACT involves synonyms or related words. With this type of question, a word will be underlined and the answer choices will be related words. However, only one word will be correct given the context of the sentence. Actual ACT Example The context of this sentence indicates that the underlined word should signify that the celebration is made bigger or more important. Even though "heightened," "raised," and "lifted" can all mean making something higher, only the word "heighten" can mean to deepen or intensify. Therefore, the correctanswer is A.The celebration isn’t literally lifted up but rather made more important. These types of questions can be difficult becausethey require a deep knowledge of vocabulary. They’re hard to prepare for since you don’t know which words will appear on the ACT. However, if you are able to recognize a word choice question, hopefully you’ll be able to select the right word using the context of the sentence. Also, you can keep track of word choice questions from previous ACTs. #8: Use the Correct Idiomatic Expression Idiom questions don’t conform to specific rules. You have to rely on your intuitive grasp of English and your knowledge of specific phrases to choose the right idiomatic expression. On most idiom questions on the ACT, you’ll be asked either to determine which preposition to use in a given sentence, or whether to use a gerund or an infinitive. Prepositional Idioms For prepositional idioms, you need to know which preposition to use based on the context of the sentence. Here’s an example sentence with a prepositional idiom error underlined: Because Alexis was three hours late, I was worried of her. The correct expression is "worried about." There's no specific rule you can learn to identify this error; you just have to be familiar with the phrase. Idiom questions are the only types on ACT English for which it's in your best interest to rely on what sounds right. Idioms With Gerunds or Infinitives Gerunds are verbs that act as nouns and end in "ing."Examples of gerunds include "running," "talking," and "singing."Infinitives are verbs used as nouns; they are constructed by putting the word "to" before a verb.Examples of infinitives are "to run," "to talk," and "to sing." While gerunds and infinitives can be interchangeable in some sentences, other sentences require the use of one or the other.Here’s an example of an idiom error: You decided reading this article. In the sentence, the gerund "reading" should be changed to an infinitive: You decided to read this article. Unfortunately, there is no specific rule you can rely on to know when to use a gerund or infinitive in an expression. Try to use your knowledge of idioms and keep track of idiom questions on previous ACTs. Actual ACT Example The correct expression is "right to wear clothing," sothe correct answer is C. Enokson/Flickr #9: A Pronoun Must Agree With Its Antecedent This rule means that a pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number. A plural pronoun must refer to a plural noun, and a singular pronoun must refer to a singular noun.Here's an example of a pronoun number agreement error: Marshall forgot their homework. The pronoun "their" is referring to the homework of Marshall. Because Marshall is one person and "their" is a plural pronoun, this sentence has a pronoun agreement error. Here is the corrected version of this sentence: Marshall forgot his homework. Real ACT Example In this sentence, the plural pronoun "them" refers to the Navajo language, which is singular. The pronoun "it" at the end of the sentence also indicates that the underlined pronoun should be in the singular form. The correct answer is C.Answer choice B is wrong because it has a subject-verb agreement error. #10: Use Apostrophes Correctly to Form Possessives There are almost always a couple of apostrophe questions on the ACT. If you know apostrophe rules, these questions should be relatively simple. If a word is singular or plural and does not end in "s," you add an "s" after the apostrophe to make it possessive.Here are a couple of examples: I am the people’s champion. Joe’s career isn’t going very well. To create a possessive for a plural word that ends in "s," just add an apostrophe after the "s." Here is an example of this: The traditionalist thought that all of the basketball players’ shorts were too long. Actual ACT Example This sentence is referring to the age of one person; therefore, the correct version of the possessive pronoun is "person’s."The correct answer is A.Answer choice D is wrong because a comma can’t come between a subject and a verb. #11: Colons Must Come After a Complete Sentence Colons are usually used to introduce lists or explanations.The key rule for colons is that they must come after a complete sentence. So if you were to end the sentence where the colon is placed, the sentence should make sense and be a complete thought.Here is an example: Incorrect: Sabrina needs to purchase a few items for her project like: construction paper, paint, and glitter. Correct: Sabrina needs to purchase a few items for her project: construction paper, paint, and glitter. The first sentence is incorrect because the part of the sentence that comes before the colon isn’t a complete thought. Actual ACT Example In this sentence, the colon is unnecessary and improperly placed. The part before the colon isn’t a complete thought. In answer choices H and J, the commas are unnecessary. The correct answer is therefore answer choice G. #12: Semicolons Separate Two Complete Thoughts Semicolons are like periods; they separate two independent clauses.As a result, you should be able to replace any semicolon with a period. On ACT English, you might find a randomly placed semicolon or need to replace a comma with a semicolon in order to fix a comma splice.Here are two example sentences with semicolons used both correctly and incorrectly: Incorrect: Because Dave wanted an adrenaline rush; he decided to go skydiving. Correct: Dave wanted an adrenaline rush; he decided to go skydiving. The second sentence is correct because the clauses on both sides of the semicolon are independent and could stand alone as sentences. Actual ACT Example Here, the semicolon is just randomly placed after the verb "are"; there is no independent clause on either side of the semicolon. Since no punctuation is necessary after "are," the correct answer is answer choice C. #13: Use the Correct Relative Pronoun The ACT likes to test your knowledge of relative pronouns. There are two specific relative pronoun rules that are important to know for ACT English. Relative Pronouns Must Agree With Their Antecedents Here are what different relative pronouns can be used to refer to: who and whom - people only when - specific times or time periods only where - places only which- any noun other than a person that- any noun whose- possessive that can be used for people or things In many situations, more than one relative pronoun can work. However, in other situations, only one will be acceptable. Here's an example of a relative pronoun error: Incorrect: I love going to restaurants in whichI can get unlimited breadsticks. Correct: I love going to restaurants where I can get unlimited breadsticks. The relative pronoun here is referring to "restaurants"- a location- so "where" is more concise and appropriate. Breadsticks! (apasciuto/Flickr) Here is another example: Incorrect: Johnny enjoys books where he gets to choose his own adventure. Correct: Johnny enjoys books in which he gets to choose his own adventure. A book isn’t a location; therefore, "where" is the incorrect relative pronoun. Media, including books, movies, and articles, should be modified with "in which." Who vs Whom You might have no idea when to use "who" or "whom," but the rule isn’t actually that complicated. Basically, "who" is used as a subject and "whom" is used as an object.A subject does an action or is being described, whereas an object has something done to it. An object can be an object of a verb or preposition. Take a look at our article on pronoun case for more information about subject case vs object case. Now, let's take a look at a couple of examples. First, here is an example sentence using the relative pronoun "who": James, who is my friend, lives in Oklahoma City. In this sentence, "who" is being used correctly. The word "who" is modifying James, and he is my friend. Next, here's an example sentence that uses the relative pronoun "whom": My aunt, from whom I got this jacket, is a very interesting woman. In this sentence, "whom" is also being used correctly. The word "whom" modifies my aunt; I got the jacket from her. You should be able to substitute he/she/they for "who" and him/her/them for "whom." Also, always use "who" before a verb and "whom" after a preposition. Actual ACT Example Remember that "where" can only be used to modify a location. Because storytellers are people, "where" is incorrect.Now, let’s find the right answer. Answer choice D is wrong because the "they" after "that" is unnecessary. Additionally, since the relative pronoun comes before a verb, you can’t use "whom." This means thatthe correct answer is B.The word "who" modifies the storytellers who are doing the action. #14: Subjects and Verbs Must Agree Subjects and verbs must agree, meaning that you must use the singular form of a verb with a singular subject and the plural form of a verb with a plural subject.Take a look at these example sentences: Incorrect: Rock stars likes to entertain adoring fans. Correct: Rock stars like to entertain adoring fans. The King! If the verb is in the present tense and the subject is in the third person (he/she/it/they), the verb usually ends in "s" in the singular form and does not in the plural form.In the example above, the subject is "rock stars," which is plural; therefore, the verb "like" should also be in the plural form ("like" instead of "likes"). On the ACT, subject-verb agreement questions can be even more difficult if there is a phrase that separates the subject from the verb. Here's an example of this: Incorrect: The clothes in my bedroom is in my closet. Correct: The clothes in my bedroom are in my closet. The subject of the sentence is "clothes," which is plural, so the verb should be in the plural form. However, the prepositional phrase "in my bedroom" separates the subject from the verb. If a verb is underlined, make sure you identify the subject that corresponds with the verb to ensure that the subject and verb agree with each other. Also, keep in mind that a subject can never be contained in a prepositional phrase. Actual ACT Example This is a relatively basic subject-verb agreement question. Looking atthe previous sentence, we know that the verb should be in the present tense, so G and H are wrong. The subject of this sentence is "molecules," which is plural. Therefore, we should use the plural form of the verb "bump." The correct answer is J. Other Grammar Rules on ACT English While the rules I explained above are the most often tested on ACT English, there are some other grammar rules that will be tested as well. Here are the links to our other articles that explain the remaining grammatical rules you'll need to know for the ACT: Parallelism Run-on Sentences and Fragments Adjectives vs Adverbs Punctuation Commas The Complete Guide to ACT Grammar Rules What's Next? Now that you're comfortable with the grammar rules on ACT English, make sure you know about style and organization questions. These include questions dealing withadd and delete options, author's main goals, transitions, and macro logic. In addition, we recommend masteringthe five critical concepts you must understand to be able to ace ACT English. Finally, to excel on the ACT English section, you'll need to determine the best approach for reading passages. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by ACT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today: